Sustainable Talent Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1617 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Sustainable Talent Management Performance management process Performance management is the methodical procedure by which a company engages its employees, as members and individuals of a group, in improving effectiveness of organization in the success of company mission and objectives (U.S. Office of Personnel Management,, 2012). Even though there are many processes of performance management that can compute employee talent predominantly in this time of computer knowledge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sustainable Talent Management" essay for you Create order The mainly significant components of such a process is to make certain, the old expression, of having the correct talent in the exact roles at the correct time is one of the mainly significant issues in front of line executives and professionals of human resource in the present day. There are a number of steps that can be utilized to compute talent of employee which comprise: Building up clear descriptions of job and plans of employee performance which comprises the vital areas of skill. Choosing the exact set of people by executing a proper process of selection. Negotiating prerequisites and standards of performance for computing the result and on the whole productivity in opposition to the predefined standards. Providing constant training and feedback throughout the phase of deliverance of performance. Recognizing the needs of training and development by computing the achieved outcomes in opposition to the place standards and executing efficient programs of development for improvement. Holding usual discussions of performance development and assessing performance of employees on the base of plans of performance. Devising efficient compensation and incentive systems for identifying those employees who do extremely well in their jobs by attaining the set standards compliant with the performance plans. Offer support and guidance in career development to the employees. This process of performance management will place the stage for awarding merit by supporting individual accomplishments of employee with the mission and objectives of the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and make the employee and the business recognize the significance of a specific job in recognizing outcomes. By instituting apparent expectations of performance which comprises actions, results, and behaviors, it can assist the employees recognize what precisely is supposed out of their jobs and categorize and abolish those jobs which are no longer functional. In the course of usual feedback and training, employee talent can be diagnosed and measured for problems at an early on stage and counteractive actions can be employed. Lastly, performance management can be observed as a positive system of supervising performance of employee for motivating the individuals and the company in the direction of preferred performance and effects. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s regarding generating an all iance amid objectives of individual and organizational for execution of merit in performance. Key concepts connected to the talent pools and the process of talent review. In an organization the vital concepts that are connected to talent pools and the process of talent review comprise conducting usual assessments of talent to appraise all employees in a pool of talent in opposition to the competency model. The company must constantly accumulate feedback from the manager, the employee, and anybody else well-known with the competencies that delineate the pool of talent. Management must allocate additional expansion activities to construct the required skills to secure the gaps that were recognized. Management must identify employees at risk of leaving jobs , and endeavor to recognize when and why. Management must effort to keep away from the need for extra training by continuing these extremely skilled employees aboard. Organization that constantly endeavors to direct its tal ent pool by spotlighting on existing performance and potential prospective of a chosen employee group will be capable to preserve an efficient review process of talent. The goal of review process is to obtain a combined viewpoint of needs, strengths, and development opportunity for definite employees, and to spot the organization in general skill levels of talent pool. This review process will as well maintain the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s readiness position in key assignments or future jobs are deemed. Talent management objectives Talent strategy has got to be aligned closely with strategy of business consequently efficient talent management needs that your business objectives and strategies drive the quantity and quality of the talent an organization requires. It is necessary that HR and top management have got to work collectively. There are more than a few objectives of talent management that can compute functional expertise. Once HR and management structures the overall objectives of an organization, the company requires to stress the significance objectives and must extend them into a strategy to draw and maintain the talent that the business requires to be successful. The business can achieve a competitive benefit by vigorously engage in the core constituents of talent management, for instance, compensation, performance, succession planning; and learning management; and vigorous association with the social networking resources of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The company must measure the accomplishment of its talent management strategy with metrics that are advantageously pertinent to the business. HR and Management must take into report that talent management is a continuing procedure and work to recognize its competitors and the quick changes in the worldwide market that will persistently generate changes and demand the team of management constant notice above the long-term. Talent management, sustained by incorporated solutions of technol ogy, can be a genuine change of process (ADP, 2011, pg. 1). The objectives of talent management must consist of using technologies of talent management to develop roadmaps of talent management. Global talent management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Alignment and assimilation are the vital to the effectiveness and success of global management of talent and are established to associate stoutly with better performance in business, both financial y and non- financialy (Ernst Young, 2010, p.g. 19). Aligning and assimilation of processes of global talent management from the commencement to the conclusion of the lifecycle of employee necessitates alignment of both systems and people. A lack of alignment sacrifices the ability of company to achieve visibility into these processes of talent and to influence the broad total of employees and business data available potentially. Management would require taking the essential steps to guarantee that the global talent management processes of the compa nyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s function in accord and for the advantage of the business. This company would require instituting talent management ownership o it is perceived as owned by the on the whole team of management, not entirely as an initiative of HR. HR would have to build up novel organizational structures to sustain initiatives of talent management and assign novel responsibilities and roles in support of the objects of incorporated talent management. This company must appraise existing business processes to discover novel opportunities and update and optimize processes of business to control the fresh technology. Management will require to budget and plan for change management to make certain recognition and usage of integrated talent management crosswise the organization Recognizing the key elements for instance people, technology and processes are the foremost components that require to be aligned when executing a solution f talent management which are significant to carry o n a global talent team. This company must deal with all these components prior to executing a solution of global talent management. A sustainable process of talent management Consecutively to have a process optimizing a sustainable process of talent management it must approach from the top management and the efforts in combination with the HR department who must take initiatives for executing the same. The mainly thriving initiatives are determined by HR with vigorous and keen support from the CEO and additional members of seniors management. Organizations that desire to optimize a sustainable process of talent management would require generating processes that will let its employees to generate value in the course of processes of business, customer service, innovation, sales, and a lot of further significant activities. The mainly efficient way to leverage the talents of your further fresh hires and employees of longer-term is to pair off them up for formal training and ment oring (Chazin, 2010, parg. 4). The company must begin by integrating people with the plan of business. This process institutes labor force plans, plans of hiring, budgets of compensation, and targets of hiring for the year. As well, in the course of this integrating process, HRM must effort on recruiting, appraisal, assessment, and talent hiring. Once the talent is aboard, the company have got to train and facilitate employees to develop into productive and incorporated into the company additional rapidly. The team of management must institute processes to evaluate and manage employees efficiently. The company must provide learning and growth programs to the entire levels of the company. As these employees are extending, succession planning must approach into play. This would engage enabling employees and managers to discover the accurate candidates for a position. This function as well has got to be aligned with the plan of business to identify with and meet up requisites for ke y positions. Whilst this is regularly a process preserved for executives and managers, it is additional normally functional crosswise the organization. HRM and Management would require to effort on packages of compensation and benefit that will be an essential component of drawing and maintain talented employees. As talent in the organization is evaluated, responsibilities of management will consist of offering critical analysis of its talent pool and coach where essential and discover gaps of talent in the organization and effort to fill them. References ADP, (2011). Effective Talent Management has become an Essential Strategy for Organizational Success. Earnst Young (2010). Managing Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Global Workforce, Elevating Talent Management to Improve Business. Retrieved from https://www.ey.com/Publication /vwLUAssets/Managing_Todays_Global_workforce/$FILE/Managing_Todays_Global_workforce.pdf Ethan, Chazin, (2010). Develop an Organizational Talent Management Plan. U.S. Office of Personnel Management, (2012). Performance Management. Recruiting, Retaining and Honoring a World-Class Workforce to Serve the American People.

The Movie American History X - 979 Words

Recently I watched the movie American History X. Its major subjects are gang violence and racism, that has been passed on from generation to generation. It also asked questions like, what were their racist ideas really based on, how did racism effect the community, can racism be reshaped by actual experiences, and how or why racism to begin with? Racism has been the main topic in the judicial system, police affairs, and racially divided communities for years but it s neither disappearing nor growing to this today. In this movie the main character was a man named Derek. After the death of his father, due to gang violence, he became a racist to all others but white people. He blamed the lack of jobs and poor wages on the blacks and immigrants. In an interview he had after the death of his father he stated that, it s all the blacks fault for all the violence in their neighborhood. He also said that, they brought all the diseases like AIDS and it s their problem and why did they have to bring it to the white people. Before he vandalized a store, owned by a Chinese man, with his other racist friends he told them why they were doing this. He told them that these immigrates come here an instead of looking for the American dream they come and take advantage of it and by firing those who worked there before and hiring Mexicans and blacks, that are willing to work at a low-wage, they make more money. So he and his friends need to show them that they indeed don t belong here andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis O f The Movie American History X 1586 Words   |  7 PagesIn the movie, â€Å"American History X†, the plot surrounds the life of two brothers who are involved with the D.O.C. a well-known white supremacist group in Venice Beach. Danny Vinyard is a high school student who admires his older brother, Derek, a former skinhead. Through the incarceration of his brother Derek, Danny becomes more affiliated with the skinheads and is mentioned at times as being the resemblance of his elder brother. The movie begins with flashbacks of Derek’s incarceration, and everythingRead MoreMovie Analysis: American History X1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie I decided to analyze for this course was American History X (1998), which stars Edward Norton. Though this movie isn’t widely known, it is one of the more interesting movies I have seen. It’s probably one of the best films that depict the Neo Nazi plague on American culture. The film takes place from the mid to late 1990’s during the Internet boom, and touches on subjects from affirmative action to Rodney King. One of the highlights of this movie that really relates to one of the key aspectsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie American History X 858 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal/familial level, or the institutional level. The film,American History X, tells the story of two brothers who are both involved with a Neo-Nazi gang in Venice Beach. The movie starts with the older brother Derrick getting out of jail for the murder of two black gang members. At the same time his brother is getting out of jail, the younger brother Danny is forced to write a paper about his brother s influence on him. The movie then unfolds as part of the paper that Danny is writing. ItRead MoreCharacters Filled with Hatred in Movie American History X Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican History X is an invigorating movie that takes its viewers on a journey in a well thought and unsuspecting plot. The main character is consumed with hatred for every race excluding white Protestants. When he encounters desocialization/resocialization in a prison, he changes his thoughts and beliefs, and they follow him even after he leaves the prison. Groupthink and deviance are both displayed in this movie thoroughly. While groupthink is accepted in society and portrayed as the norm, devianceRead MoreAmerican History X Is An American Crime Movie Directed By Tony Kaye And Produced By John Morrissey1579 Words   |  7 Pages American History X is an American crime movie directed by Tony Kaye and produced by John Morrissey in October 1998. It tells the astonishing tale of two Venice, Los Angeles brothers who become skinheads through the neo-Nazi movement and strived to make the white American culture more efficient. It stars Edward Norton as Derek Vineyard, Edward Furlong as Danny Vineyard, Stacy Each as Cameron Alexander, and Avery Brooks as Dr. Bob Sweeney. This essay will focus on the deviant behavior committed byRead MoreStereotypes, Conformity, And Discrimination1742 Words   |  7 PagesPrejudices and Discrimination in American History X Abstract Stereotyping, prejudice, conformity, and discrimination are well portrayed in the movie American History X. The negative attitude held by Derek towards to black people is greatly influenced and learned from his father who was a racist. Derek also transfers these prejudice attitudes towards his younger brother Danny as he grows up seeing the racism practiced in his family and his brother. Although these attitudes are based on propagandaRead MoreAmerican History X By Tony Kaye1130 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican History X American History X, directed by Tony Kaye, is one of the most controversial, critically-acclaimed movies of the twentieth century. The film is about a man named Derek who serves three-years in prison for murdering two African-American gang members who broke into his truck. Derek’s younger brother, Danny, tells the story of how Derek became this hateful, racist person through various flashback throughout the story. Danny and Derek’s father was killed by an African-American whileRead MoreAmerican History X By Tony Kaye And Written By David Mckenna1439 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican History X Almost one week before I started to take this class, I watched â€Å"American History X† for the first time. When I learned we are going to do this project, this movie was on my mind and I did not surprise at all when I saw it in our movie list. Since the beginning of the semester, everything related to multiculturalism in this movie is becoming clearer to me. Multiculturalism is a huge issue, especially the country like the US which has many different races. One of the first thingsRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1624 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the early 1950’s and 1960’s, the civil rights movement defined how African Americans progressed from being considered second class citizens to a unified demographic who became more endowed to handle the high tensions between them and the white segregationists. After World War II, protests began to rise between the 1950’s and 1960’s. The large number of blacks that served in the milit ary or worked in the war industry saw that they had a greater place in the world than they had been given inRead MoreMovie Review : Falls Short Of Expectations 1407 Words   |  6 PagesWhen creating a movie about Neo-Nazis living in Los Angeles, one might expect there to be violence. Indeed, American History X; directed by Tony Kaye is a film just about that subject and absolutely gives the viewers watching it an immense amount of violence. There have been critics like Peter Travers; movie critic from Rolling Stone Magazine, for instants, who have gone on to praise the film and even calling it â€Å"An explosive, scorched-earth drama.† They explain how the film was powerful and important

Reading Nightmares Essay Example For Students

Reading Nightmares Essay Reading nightmares exist at many different levels. There are nightmares at the national and state levels. There are nightmares within the field of reading education, and with teachers across all subject areas. This is a key point in the article â€Å"Exploring reading nightmares of middles and secondary school teachers† by William P. Bintz. At the national and state levels, research indicates that students experience a declining interest and slowing development in reading from the seventh grade on (Farr, Fay, Myers , Ginsberg, 1987). They â€Å"demonstrate gains in reading during the early years, these gains seem to taper off in the middle and upper grades, and decline during the high school years. † (Chall 4) Many studies give strength to this argument that reading nightmares occur nationally. They show that students have difficulty with tasks requiring interpretations of what they read, that students do little, if any, reading in school and for homework, and that there is a decline in reading skills amongst 12th graders. (Bintz 13). Goodland (1984) believes that this problem may exist because of the relationship between time spent on reading instruction and the decline in reading abilities. He points out that â€Å"reading occupies only approximately 6% of class time in elementary school, 3% in junior High school, and 2% in senior high school. â€Å" (p 106-107). It is noted that 8th grade students watch TV, on average, almost 22 hours per week. They read for less than 2. (Humphrey 23). Reading instruction, as a field of study, is also ripe with nightmares. Too often, educators make assumptions about reading and its’ instruction. These include â€Å"(a) Reading instruction is primarily, if not exclusively, the role of elementary, not middle and secondary school teachers; and (b) reading is an isolated skill; once mastered in the elementary grades students require no further instruction. † (Bintz 14) As Burnett is keen to show, these attitudes are changing, but slowly. Teachers on the secondary level are still hesitant to get involved in reading instruction. They see themselves as teachers of content. But, perhaps, as Summers states, maybe the content area teachers are hesitant because they, along with many language arts teachers, aren’t properly trained to provide reading instruction. Regardless of content area, all teachers are seeing the same nightmares. Bintz categorizes these as either student based, teacher based, textbook based or someone else’s problem. According to a cross section of teachers, students either can’t read , or are passive and reluctant to read. Many teachers feel that other teachers are the teachers of reading, not themselves. Some also feel that textbooks are often written at levels that are too complex and that are strictly content driven, if not downright boring. If not that problem, many teachers feel that â€Å" a single textbook cant †¦ accommodate †¦ students wide range of reading abilities. † (Bintz 21) Although this article is ripe with the nightmares of reading, it is not barren of solution possibilities. To sum them up, Bintz points out that colleges and universities must rethink the role of reading education within the teacher curriculum. Elementary, junior and senior high schools need to help themselves by intentionally and systematically making reading a high priority with students and teachers. Also, they need to help students and teachers change their perceptions of reading in order to create a new reality that sees reading less as a nagging problem, and more as a tool for learning and thinking. As we had discussed in class the first week, it is evident that we all experience these nightmares. It seemed that our small group fit in very well with what Bintz is saying. .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 , .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .postImageUrl , .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 , .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4:hover , .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4:visited , .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4:active { border:0!important; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4:active , .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4 .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18edf576fe3585861c52740f2fbea6e4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Canada's Water Crisis-Do we Sell? EssayWe all have reading nightmares, and they are all similar. All of the comments in the article from teachers about their nightmares rang true with a lot of the things that people said in our discussions. Mr. Bintz did get into some detail about trying to solve this problem. He didn’t, though, address what I feel are the two biggest obstacles to making reading instruction a priority. They are apathy and funding. It isn’t necessary to go into details about the difficulties of providing funding for new programs. Apathy we can comment about. As a teacher in one of the poorest high schools in Brooklyn, I am constantly reminded of the apathy of students, parents, and, unfortunately, teachers. Our administration does try to make reading a priority. We have a 20 minute period everyday (instead of a homeroom) that we call RAG (Read and Grow) time. The students are supposed to read a non-school book. Too often, I hear the teachers mock this time. I have also heard that our union insists that we shouldn’t have to enforce the reading period, because that becomes an extra ‘teaching’ period. I am not certain if that is true, but I am certain that I heard teachers discussing this. I have also called home to parents to explain RAG time, and to ask why their children refuse to read, and I get the same dumbfounded answers I get from the kids. This leaves me in quite a quandary. I am certainly untrained as a reading teacher. Being a first year teacher, I am untrained in many of the pedagogical skills. How am I to combat this ? I guess that my aspirations for the information that I would get from this article were too high, and that can only lead to being let down. I had hoped to be enlightened on how I can help these kids gain the love for reading that I have. As my aspirations were high, the first reading of this article left me feeling like it was incomplete. After going through it over and over again, I found that this article is very well written, and gives a clear foundation for more study. It is refreshing to know that I am not alone with my nightmares. Seeing that it isn’t just in inner city Brooklyn, or even only in lower socioeconomic areas gives me hope that this is a problem that, with time, we can cure.

Sun Also Rises Essays (636 words) - Literature, Fiction, Arts

Sun Also Rises The Sun Also Rises The Sun Also Rises is a brilliant book written by Ernest Hemingway, that illustrates the decadence during the 1920s. Throughout the book Hemingway expresses at the time an illegal habit in America, alcoholic drinking. He also displays the beginning of open sexual/physical contact, flirting with more than one person, and having more than one sexual partner. Hemingways characters shows decry in their work habits. Throughout the book Hemingway displays many examples of the modern world in the 1920s, and the decline in moral standards. Alcoholism was big during the 1920s, and Hemingway displays this moral decay of values through the eyes of his characters. Hemingway illustrates this at all parts of the book. Whenever Barnes is at a club, his house, hotel room he is drinking. At San Sebastian, Cohn and Brett were said to be drinking. While Jake and Bill were on their fishing trip they were drinking wine the whole time and everyone was drinking during the weeklong fiesta. During this time in the US drinking was illegal, and Hemingway was showing a lack of respect, and care for the law. He was able to illustrate the modern world and its increase in alcoholism and its decrease of the moral values during the 1920s. Ernest Hemingway shows his brilliance by displaying the decay in moral standards. One of those moral standards was the openness of peoples being attracted to the opposite sex, or same sex. Hemingway chose to display this by using Brett as his center point and having everyone she comes in contact with fall in love with her. At the beginning of the book Brett was with a group of openly gay men. The gay guys were dancing with each other and being open about their sexual preference. This really didnt happen before the war. Throughout the book Brett and Barnes flirt a lot and they also kiss several times. Brett also has and affair and sleeps with Cohn at San Sebastian. Brett also chooses to flirt and lead on Count Mippipopulous. She also has another affair with Pedro the bullfighter. This whole time Brett is engaged to marry Mike. They are not married yet and they too sleep together, this didnt happen a lot before the war either. Hemingway chose to illustrate his the decline of moral valu es by using Brett as his center point, and having anything to do with sex happen with Brett in the sentence. The work ethic of the modern man after World War I declined in its productivity. Hemingway in the book The Sun Also Rises chooses to not have the characters work but party. I believe once in the book Barnes went to work once, and that was to pick up his paycheck. Robert Cohn the successful author writes one book, gets rich, and then doesnt write another book. Mike is drunk, never works and he is bankrupt. He also borrows money from the people not being able to pay it back. Brett also herself is broke. She never works once and she always has someone pay for whatever she wants. The work ethic of the modern man decayed as Hemingway portrayed in The Sun Also Rises. The constant decline of moral standards from generation to generation is represented be Hemingway from beginning to end of The Sun Also Rises. Hemingway expresses this through the eyes of his characters. From open sex to alcoholism to a bad work ethic, he has his main characters encounter each one of these problems. His main characters were Jake Barnes, Brett Ashley, Robert Cohn, Mike and Bill. The continue decay of moral values is displayed brilliantly by Ernest Hemingway in The Sun Also Rises, to make the story come alive in the readers mind. English Essays

Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast Essay Example

Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast Essay Plan 1. Figures of quantity: hyperbole; meiosis (litotes). 2. Figures of quality: metonymy (synecdoche, periphrasis, euphemism); irony. 3. Figures of contrast: oxymoron; antithesis. 4. Practical assignment Metonymy, another lexical SD, like metaphor on losing its originality also becomes instrumental in enriching the vocabulary of the language, though metonymy is created by a different semantic process and is based on contiguity (nearness) of objects or phenomena. Transference of names in metonymy does not involve a necessity for two different words to have a common component in their semantic structures, as is the case of metaphor, but proceeds from the fact that two objects (phenomena) have common grounds of existence in reality. Such words as cup and tea have no linguistic semantic nearness, but the first one may serve the container of the second, hence the conversational cliche Will you have another cup? , which is a case of metonymy, once original, but due to long use, no more accepted as a fresh SD. My brass will call your brass, says one of the characters of A. Haileys Airport to another, meaning My boss will call your boss. The transference of names is caused by both bosses being officers, wearing uniform caps with brass cockades. The scope of transference in metonymy is much more limited than that of metaphor, which is quite understandable: the scope of human imagination identifying two objects (phenomena, actions) on the grounds of commonness of one of their innumerable characteristics is boundless while actual relations between objects are more limited. We will write a custom essay sample on Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Figures of Quantity. Figures of Quality. Figures of Contrast specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is why metonymy, on the whole,- is a less frequently observed SD, than metaphor. Similar to singling out one particular type of metaphor into the self-contained SD of personification, one type of metonymy namely, the one, which is based on the relations between a part and the whole is often viewed independently as synecdoche. As a rule, metonymy is expressed by nouns (less frequently by substantivized numerals) and is used in syntactical functions characteristic of nouns (subject, object, predicative). Exercise II. Indicate metonymies, state the type of relations between the object named and the bject implied, which they represent, lso pay attention to the degree of their originality, and to their syntactical function: 1. He went about her room, after his introduction, looking at her pictures, her bronzes and clays, asking after the creator of this, the painter of that, where a third thing came from. (Dr. ) 2. She wanted to have a lot of children, and she was glad that things were that way, that the Church approved. Then the little girl died. Nancy broke with Rome the day her baby died. It was a secret break, but no Catholic breaks with Rome casually. (J. OH. 3. Evelyn Glasgow, get up out of that chair this minute. The girl looked up from her book. Whats the matter? Your satin. The skirtll be a mass of wrinkles in the back. (E. F. ) 4. Except for a lack of youth, the guests had no common theme, they seemed strangers among strangers; indeed, each face, on entering, had straggled to conceal dismay at seeing others there. (T. C. ) 5. She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently red lips, powdered cheeks, cold, hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces, and insolent bosoms. (A. B. 6. Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale eighteen, was pliant and yet fragile. (?. ?. ) 7. The man looked a rather old forty-five, for he was already going grey. (K. P. ) 8. The delicatessen owner was a spry and jolly fifty. (T. R. ) 9. It was easier to ass ume a character without having to tell too many lies and you brought a fresh eye and mind to the job. (P. ) 10. Some remarkable pictures in this room, gentlemen. A Holbein, two Van Dycks and if I am not mistaken, a Velasquez. I am interested in pictures. (Ch. ) 11. You have nobody to blame but yourself. The saddest words of tongue or pen. (I. Sh. ) 12. For several days he took an hour after his work to make inquiry taking with him some examples of his pen and inks. (Dr. ) 13. There you are at your tricks again. The rest of them do earn their bread; you live on my charity. (E. Br. ) 14. I crossed a high toll bridge and negotiated a no mans land and came to the place where the Stars and Stripes stood shoulder to shoulder with the Union Jack. (J. St. ) 15. The praise was enthusiastic enough to have delighted any common writer who earns his living by his pen. S. M. ) 16. He made his way through the perfume and conversation. (I. Sh. ) 17. His mind was alert and people asked him to dinner not for old times sake, but because he was worth his salt. (S. M. ) 18. Up the Square, from the corner of King Street, passed a woman in a new bonnet with pink strings, and a new blue dress that sloped at the shoulders and grew to a vast circumference at the hem. Through the silent sunlit solitude of the Square this bonnet and this dress floated northwards in search of romance. (A. B. ) 19. Two men in uniforms were running heavily to the Administration building. As they ran, Christian saw them throw away their rifles. They were portly men who looked like advertisements for Munich beer, and running came hard to them. The first prisoner stopped and picked up one of the discarded rifles. He did not fire it, but carried it, as he chased the guards. He swung the rifle like a club, and one of the beer advertisements went down (I. Sh. ) Litotes is a two-component structure in which two negations are joined to give a positive evaluation. Thus not unkindly actually means kindly, though the positive effect is weakened and some lack of the speakers confidence in his statement is implied. The first component of a litotes is always the negative particle not, while the second, always negative in semantics, varies in form from a negatively affixed word (as above) to a negative phrase. Litotes is especially expressive when the semantic centre of the whole †¢ structure is stylistically or/and emotionally coloured, as in the case of the following occasional creations: Her face was not unhandsome  (A. H. ) or Her face was not unpretty. K. K. ) The function of litotes has much in common with that of understatement both weaken the effect of the utterance. The uniqueness of litotes lies in its specific double negative structure and in its weakening only the positive evaluation. The Russian term corresponds only to the English understatement as it has no structural or semantic limitations. Exercise IV. Analyse the structur e, the semantics and the functions oflitotes: 1. To be a good actress, she must always work for the truth in what shes playing, the man said in a voice not empty of self-love. N. M. ) 2. Yeah, what the hell, Anne said and looking at me, gave that not unsour smile. (R. W. ) 3. It was not unnatural if Gilbert felt a certain embarrassment. (E. W. ) 4. The idea was not totally erroneous. The thought did not displease me. (I. M. ) 5. I was quiet, but not uncommunicative; reserved, but not reclusive; energetic at times, but seldom enthusiastic. (Jn. B. ) 6. He had all the confidence in the world, and not without reason. (J. OH. ) 7. Kirsten said not without dignity: Too much talking is unwise. (Ch. ) 8. No, Ive had a profession and then a firm to cherish, said Ravenstreet, not without bitterness. (P. ) 9. I felt I wouldnt say no to a cup of tea. (K. M. ) 10. I wouldnt say no to going to the movies. (E. W. ) 11. I dont think youve been too miserable, my dear. (P. ) 12. Still two weeks of success is definitely not nothing and phone calls were coming in from agents for a week. (Ph. R. ) ASSIGNMENTS FOR SELF-CONTROL 1. What is a litotes? 2. What is there in common between litotes and understatement? 3. Describe most frequently used structures of litotes. Periphrasis is a very peculiar stylistic device which basically consists of using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler one, i. e. of using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a word. Depending on the mechanism of this substitution, periphrases are classified into figurative (metonymic and metaphoric), and logical. The first group is made, in fact, of phrase-metonymies and phrase-metaphors, as you may well see from the following example: The hospital was crowded with the surgically interesting products of the fighting in Africa (I. Sh. ) where the extended metonymy stands for the wounded. Logical periphrases are phrases synonymic with the words which were substituted by periphrases: Mr. Du Pont was dressed in the conventional disguise with which Brooks Brothers cover the shame of American millionaires. (M. St. ) The conventional disguise stands here for the suit and the shame of American millionaires — for the paunch (the belly). Because the direct nomination of the not too elegant feature of appearance was substituted by a roundabout description this periphrasis may be also considered euphemistic, as it offers a more polite qualification instead of a coarser one. The main function of periphrases is to convey a purely individual perception of the described object. To achieve it the generally accepted nomination of the object is replaced by the description of one of its features or qualities, which seems to the author most important for the characteristic of the object, and which thus becomes foregrounded. The often repeated periphrases become trite and serve as universally accepted periphrastic synonyms: the gentle / soft / weak sex (women); my better half (my spouse); minions of Law (police), etc. Exercise V. Analyse the given periphrases from the viewpoint of their semantic type, structure, function and originality: 1. Gargantuan soldier named Dahoud picked Ploy by the head and scrutinized this convulsion of dungarees and despair whose feet thrashed a yard above the deck. (Th. P. ) 2. His face was red, the back of his neck overflowed his collar and there had recently been published a second edition of his chin. (P. G. W. ) 3. His huge leather chairs were kind to the femurs. (R. W. ) 4. But Pickwick, gentlemen, Pickwick, this ruthless destroyer of . this domestic oasis in the desert of Goswell street! (D. ) 5. He would make some money and then he would come back and marry his dream from Blackwood. (Dr. ) 6. The villages were full of women who did nothing but fight against dirt and hunger and repair the effects of friction on clothes. (A. B. ) 7. The habit of saluting the dawn with a bend of the elbow was a hangover from college fraternity days. (Jn. B. ) 8. I took my obedient feet away fr om him. (W. G. ) 9. I got away on my hot adolescent feet as quickly as I could. (W. G. ) 10. I am thinking an unmentionable thing about your mother. (I. Sh. ) 11. Jean nodded without turning and slid between two vermilion-coloured buses so that two drivers simultaneously used the same qualitative word. (G. ) 12. During the previous winter I had become rather seriously ill with one of those carefully named difficulties which are the whispers of approaching age. (J. St. ) 13. A child had appeared among the palms, about a hundred yards along the beach. He was a boy of perhaps six years, sturdy and fair, his clothes torn, his face covered with a sticky mess of fruit. His trousers had been lowered for an obvious purpose and had only een pulled back half-way. (W. G. ) 14. When I saw him again, there were silver dollars weighting down his eyes. (T. C. ) 15. She was still fat after childbirth; the destroyer of her figure sat at the head of the table. (A. B. ) 16. I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War. (Sc. F. ) 17. Did you see anything in Mr. Pickwicks manner and conduct towards the opposite sex to induce you to beli eve all this? (D. ) 18. Bill went with him and they returned with a tray of glasses, siphons and other necessaries of life. (Ch. ) 19. It was the American, whom later we were to learn to know and love as the Gin Bottle King, because of a great feast of arms performed at an early hour in the morning with a container of Mr. Gordons celebrated product as his sole weapon. (H. ) 20. Jane set her bathing-suited self to washing the lunch dishes. (Jn. B. ) 21. Naturally, I jumped out of the tub, and before I had thought twice, ran out into the living room in my birthday suit. (?. ?. ) 22. For a single instant, Birch was helpless, his blood curdling in his veins at the imminence of the danger, and his legs refusing their natural and necessary office. T. C. ) 23. The apes gathered around him and he wilted under the scrutiny of the eyes of his little cousins twice removed. (An. C. ) Hyperbole a stylistic device in which emphasis is achieved through deliberate exaggeration, like epithet, relies on the foregrounding of the emotive meaning. The feelings and emotions of the speaker are so raffled that he resorts in his speech to intensifying the quantitative or the qualitative aspect of the mentioned object. E. g. : In his famous poem To His Coy Mistress Andrew Marvell writes about love: My vegetable love should grow faster than empires. Hyperbole is one of the most common expressive means of our everyday speech. When we describe our admiration or anger and say I would gladly see this film a hundred times, or I have told it to you a thousand times we use trite language hyperboles which, through long and repeated use, have lost their originality and remained signals of the speakers roused emotions. Hyperbole may be the final effect of another SD metaphor, simile, irony, as we have in the cases He has the tread of a rhinoceros or The man was like the Rock of Gibraltar. Hyperbole can be expressed by all notional parts of speech. There are words though, which are used in this SD more often than others. They are such pronouns as all, every, everybody and the like. Cf. : Calpurnia was all angles and bones (H. L. ); also numerical nouns (a million, a thousand), as was shown above; and adverbs of time (ever, never). The outstanding Russian philologist A. Peshkovsky once stressed the importance of both communicants clearly perceiving that the exaggeration, used by one of them is intended as such and serves not to denote actual quality or quantity but signals the emotional background of the utterance. If this reciprocal understanding of the intentional nature of the overstatement is absent, hyperbole turns into a mere lie, he said. Hyperbole is aimed at exaggerating quantity or quality. When it is directed the opposite way, when the size, shape, dimensions, characteristic features of the object are hot overrated, but intentionally underrated, we deal with understatement. The mechanism of its creation and functioning is identical with that of hyperbole, and it does not signify the actual state of affairs in reality, but presents the latter through the emotionally coloured perception and rendering of the speaker. It is not the actual diminishing or growing of the object that is conveyed by a hyperbole or understatement. It is a transient subjective impression that finds its realization in these SDs. They differ only in the direction of the flow of roused emotions. English is well known for its preference for understatement in everyday speech I am rather annoyed instead of Im infuriated, The wind is rather strong instead of Theres a gale blowing outside are typical of British polite speech, but are less characteristic of American English. Some hyperboles and understatements (both used individually and as the final effect of some other SD) have become fixed, as we have in Snow White, or Liliput, or Gargantua. Trite hyperboles and understatements, reflecting their use in everyday speech, in creative writing are observed mainly in dialogue, while the authors speech provides us with examples of original SDs, often rather extended or demanding a considerable fragment of the text to be fully understood. Exercise VII. In the following examples concentrate on cases of hyperbole and understatement. Pay attention to their originality or stateness, to other SDs promoting their effect, to exact words containing the foregrounded emotive meaning: 1. I was scared to death when he entered the room. (S. ) 2. The girls were dressed to kill. (J. Br. ) 3. Newspapers are the organs of individual men who have jockeyed themselves to be party leaders, in countries where a new party is born every hour over a glass of beer in the nearest cafe. (J. R. ) 4. I was violently sympathetic, as usual. (Jn. B. ) 5. Four loudspeakers attached to the flagpole emitted a shattering roar of what Benjamin could hardly call music, as if it were played by a collection of brass bands, a few hundred fire engines, a thousand blacksmiths hammers and the amplified reproduction of a force-twelve wind. (A. S. ) 6. The car which picked me up on that particular guilty evening was a Cadillac limousine about seventy-three blocks long. (J. B. ) 7. Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old. (Sc. F. ) 8. He didnt appear like the same man; then he was all milk and honey now he was all starch and vinegar. (D. ) 9. She was a giant of a woman. Her bulging figure was encased in a green crepe dress and her feet overflowed in red shoes. She carried a mammoth red pocketbook that bulged throughout as if it were stuffed with rocks. (Fl. OC. ) 10. She was very much upset by the catastrophe that had befallen the Bishops, but it was exciting, and she was tickled to death to have someone fresh to whom she could tell all about it. (S. M. ) 11. Babbitts preparations for leaving the office to its feeble self during the hour and a half of his lunch-period were somewhat less elaborate than the plans for a general European War. S. M. ) 12. The little woman, for she was of pocket size, crossed her hands solemnly on her middle. (G. ) 13. We danced on the handkerchief-big space between the speakeasy tables. (R. W. ) 14. She wore a pink hat, the size of a button. (J. R. ) 15. She was a sparrow of a woman. (Ph. L. ) 16. And if either of us should lean toward the other, even a fraction of an inch, the balance would b e upset. (O. W. ) 17. He smiled back, breathing a memory of gin at me. (W. G. ) 18. About a very small man in he Navy: this new sailor stood five feet nothing in sea boots. (Th. P. ) 19. She busted herself in her midget kitchen. (T. C. ) 20. The rain had thickened, fish could have swum through the air. (T. C. ) Oxymoron is a stylistic device the syntactic and semantic structures of which come to clashes. In Shakespearian definitions of love, much quoted from his Romeo and Juliet, perfectly correct syntactically, attributive combinations present a strong semantic discrepancy between their members. Cf. : O brawling love! ? loving hate! heavy lightness! Serious vanity! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! As is clearly seen from this string of oxymorons, each one of them is a combination of two semantically contradictory notions, that help to emphasize contradictory qualities simultaneously existing in the described phenomenon as a dialectical unity. As a rule, one o f the two members of oxymoron illuminates the feature which is universally observed and acknowledged while the other one offers a purely subjective, individual perception of the object. Thus in an oxymoron we also deal with the foregrounding of emotive meaning, only of a different type than the one observed in previously discussed SDs. The most widely known structure of oxymoron is attributive, so it is easy to believe that the subjective part of the oxymoron is embodied in the attribute-epithet, especially because the latter also proceeds from the foregrounding of the emotive meaning. But there are also others, in which verbs are employed. Such verbal structures as to shout mutely (I. Sh. ) or to cry silently (M. W. seem to strengthen the idea, which leads to the conclusion that oxymoron is a specific type of epithet. But the peculiarity of an oxymoron lies in the fact that the speakers (writers) subjective view can be expressed through either of the members of the word combination. Originality and specificity of oxymoron becomes especially evident in non-attributive structures which also, not infrequently, are used to express semantic contradiction, as in the stre e damaged by improvements (O. H. ) or silence was louder than thunder (U. ). Oxymorons rarely become trite, for their components, linked forcibly, repulse each other and oppose repeated use. There are few colloquial oxymorons, all of them showing a high degree of the speakers emotional involvement in the situation, as in damn nice, awfully pretty. Exercise VIII. In the following sentences pay attention to the structure and semantics of oxymorons. Also indicate which of their members conveys the individually viewed feature of the object and which one reflects its generally accepted characteristic: 1. He caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness of the barracks. J. ) 2. Sprinting towards the elevator he felt amazed at his own cowardly courage. (G. M. ) 3. They were a bloody miserable lot the miserablest lot of men I ever saw. But they were good to me. Bloody good. (J. St. ) 4. He behaved pretty busily to Jan. (D. C. ) 5. Well might he perceive the hanging of her hair in fairest quantity in locks, some curled and some as if it were forgotten, with such a car eless care and an art so hiding art that it seemed she would lay them for a pattern. (Ph. S. ) 6. There were some bookcases of superbly unreadable books. (E. W. 7. Absorbed as we were in the pleasures of travel and I in my modest pride at being the only examinee to cause a commotion we were over the old Bridge. (W. G. ) 8. Heaven must be the hell of a place. Nothing but repentant sinners up there, isnt it? (Sh. D. ) 9. Harriet turned back across the dim garden. The lightless light looked down from the night sky. (I. M. ) 10. Sara was a menace and a tonic, my best enemy; Rozzie was a disease, my worst friend. (J. Car. ) 11. It was an open secret that Ray had been ripping his father-in-law off. (D. U. ) 12. A neon sign reads Welcome to Reno the biggest little town in the world. (A. M. ) 13. Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield are Good Bad Boys of American literature. (V. ) 14. Havent we here the young middle-aged woman who cannot quite compete with the paid models in the fashion magazine but who yet catches our eye? (Jn. H. ) 15. Their bitter-sweet union did not last long. (A. C. ) 16. He was sure the whites could detect his adoring hatred of them. (Wr. ) 17. You have got two beautiful bad examples for parents. (Sc. F. ) 18. He opened up a wooden garage. The doors creaked. The garage was full of nothing. (R. Ch. ) 19. She was a damned nice woman, too. (H. ) 20. A very likeable young man with a pleasantly ugly face. (A. C. ) In all previously discussed lexical SDs we dealt with various transformations of the logical (denotational) meaning of words, which participated in the creation of metaphors, metonymies, puns, zeugmas, etc. Each of the SDs added expressiveness and originality to the nomination of the object. Evaluation of the named concept was often present too, but it was an optional characteristic, not inherent in any of these SDs. Their subjectivity relies on the new and fresh look at the object mentioned, which shows the latter from a new and unexpected side. In irony, which is our next item of consideration, subjectivity lies in the evaluation of the phenomenon named. The essence of this SD consists in the foregrounding not of the logical but of the evaluative meaning. The context is arranged so that the qualifying word in irony reverses the direction of the evaluation, and the word positively charged is understood as a negative qualification and (much-much rarer) vice versa. Irony thus is a stylistic device in which the contextual evaluative meaning of a word is directly opposite to its dictionary meaning, So, like all other SDs, irony does not exist outside the context, which varies from the minimal a word combination, as in J. Steinbecks She turned with the sweet smile of an alligator, to the context of a whole book, as in Ch: Dickens, where one of the remarks of Mr. Micawber, known for his complex, highly bookish and elaborate style of speaking about the most trivial things, is introduced by the authors words Mr. Micawber said in his usual plain manner. In both examples the words sweet and plain reverse their positive meaning into the negative one due to the context, micro- in the first, macro- in the second case. In the stylistic device of irony it is always possible to indicate the exact word whose contextual meaning diametrically opposes its dictionary meaning. This is why this type of irony is called verbal irony. There are very many cases, though, which we regard as irony, intuitively feeling the reversal of the evaluation, but unable to put our finger on the exact word in whose meaning we can trace the contradiction between the said and the implied. The effect of irony in such cases is created by a number of statements, by the whole of the text. This type of irony is called sustained, and it is formed by the contradiction of the speakers (writers) considerations and the generally accepted moral and ethical codes. Many examples of sustained irony are supplied by D. Defoe, J. Swift or by such XX-ieth c. writers as S. Lewis, K. Vonnegut, E. Waugh and others. Exercise IV. In the following excerpts you will find mainly examples of verbal irony. Explain what conditions made the realization of the opposite evaluation possible. Pay attention to the part of speech which is used in irony, also its syntactical function: 1. The book was entitled Murder at Milbury Manor and was a whodunit of the more abstruse type, in which everything turns on whether a certain character, by catching the three-forty-three train at Hilbury and changing into the four-sixteen at Milbury, could have reached Silbury by five-twenty-seven, which would have given him just time to disguise himself and be sticking knives into people at Bilbury by six-thirty-eight. (P. G. W. ) 2. When the, war broke out she took down the signed photograph of the Kaiser and, with some solemnity, hung it in the men-servants lavatory; it was her one combative action. (E. W. ) 3. I had a plot, a scheme, a little quiet piece of enjoyment afoot, of which the very cream and essence was that this old man and grandchild should be as poor as frozen rats, and Mr. Brass revealed the whole story, making himself out to be rather a saintlike holy character. (D. ) 4. The lift held two people and rose slowly, groaning with diffidence. (I. M. ) 5. England has been in a dreadful state for some weeks. Lord Coodle would go out. Sir Thomas Doodle wouldnt come in, and there being nobody in Great Britain (to speak of) except Coodle and Doodle, there has been no Government (D. ) 6. From her earliest infancy Gertrude was brought up by her aunt. Her aunt had carefully instructed her to Christian principles. She had also taught her Mohammedanism, to make sure. (L. ) 7. Shes a charming middle-aged lady with a face like a bucket of mud and if she has washed her hair since Coolidges second term, Ill eat my spare tire, rim and all. R. Ch. ) 8. With all the expressiveness of a stone Welsh stared at him another twenty seconds apparently hoping to see him gag. (R. Ch. ) 9. Well. Its shaping up into a lovely evening, isnt it? Great, he said. And if I may say so, youre doing everything to make it harder, you little sweet. (D. P. ) 10. Mr. Vholes is a very respectable man. He has not a large business, but he is a very respectable man. He is all owed, by the greater attorneys to be a most respectable man. He never misses a chance in his practice which is a mark of respectability, he never takes any pleasure, which is another mark of respectability, he is reserved and serious which is another mark of respectability. His digestion is impaired which is highly respectable. (D. ) 11. Several months ago a magazine named Playboy which concentrates editorially on girls, books, girls, art, girls, music, fashion, girls and girls, published an article about old-time science-fiction. (M. St. ) 12. Apart from splits based on politics, racial, religious and ethnic backgrounds and specific personality differences, were just one cohesive team. (D. U. ) 13. A local busybody, unable to contain her curiosity any longer, asked an expectant mother point-blank whether she was going to have a baby. Oh, goodness, no, the young woman said pleasantly. Im just carrying this for a friend. (P. G. W. ) 14. Sonny Grosso was a worrier who looked for and frequently managed to find, the dark side of most situations. (P. M. ) 15. Bookcases covering one wall boasted a half-shelf of literature. T. C. ) 16. I had been admitted as a partner in the firm of Andrews and Bishop, and throughout 1927 and 19281 enriched myself and the firm at the rate of perhaps forty dollars a month. (Jn. B. ) 17. Last time it was a nice, simple, European-style war. (I. Sh. ) 18. He could walk and run, was full of exact knowledge about God, and entertained no doubt concerning the special partiality of a minor deity called Je sus towards himself. (A. B. ) 19. But every Englishman is born with a certain miraculous power that makes him master of the world. As the great champion of freedom and nationalindependence he conquers and annexes half the world and calls it Colonization. (B. Sh. ) 20. All this blood and fire business tonight was probably part of the graft to get the Socialists chucked out and leave honest businessmen safe to make their fortunes out of murder. (L. Ch) 21. He spent two years in prison, making a number of valuable contacts among other upstanding embezzlers, frauds and confidence men whilst inside. (An. C. ) Antithesis is a good example of them: syntactically, antithesis is just another case of parallel constructions. But unlike parallelism, which is indifferent to the semantics of its components, the two parts of an antithesis must be semantically opposite to each other, as in the sad maxim of O. Wilde: Some people have much to live on, and little to live for, where much and little present a pair of antonyms, supported by the contextual opposition of postpositions on and for. Another example: If we dont know who gains by his death we do know who loses by it. (Ch. ) Here, too, we have the leading antonymous pair gam lose and the supporting one, made stronger by the emphatic form of the affirmative construction dont know / do know. Antithesis as a semantic opposition emphasized by its realization in similar structures, is often observed on lower levels of language hierarchy, especially on the morphemic level where two antonymous affixes create a powerful effect of contrast: Their pre-money wives did not go together with their post-money daughters.   (H. ) The main function of antithesis is to stress the heterogeneity of the described phenomenon, to show that the latter is a dialectical unity of two (or more) opposing features. Exercise I. Discuss the semantic centres and structural peculiarities of antithesis: 1. Mrs. Nork had a large home and a small husband. (S. L. ) 2. In marriage the upkeep of woman is often the downfall of man. (Ev. ) 3. Dont use big words. They mean so little. (O. W. ) 4. I like big parties. Theyre so intimate. At small parties there isnt any privacy. (Sc. F. ) 5. There is Mr. Guppy, who was at first as open as the sun at noon, but who suddenly shut up as close as midnight. (D. ) 6. Such a scene as there was when Kit came in! Such a confusion of tongues, before the circumstances were related and the proofs disclosed! Such a dead silence when all was told! (D. ) 7. Rup wished he could be swift, accurate, compassionate and stern instead of clumsy and vague and sentimental. (I. M. ) 8. His coat-sleeves being a great deal too long, and his trousers a great deal too short, he appeared ill at ease in his clothes. (D. ) 9. There was something eery about the apartment house, an unearthly quiet that was a combination of overcarpeting and underoccupancy. (H. St. ) 10. It is safer to be married to the man you can be happy with than to the man you cannot be happy without. (E. ) 11. Then came running down stairs a gentleman with whiskers, out of breath. (D. 12. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way in short the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. D. ) 13. Cannery Row in Monterey in California is a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream. Cannery Row is the gathered and scattered, tin and iron, and rust and splintered wood, chipped pavement and weedy lots and junk heaps, sardine canneries of corrugated iron, honky tonks, restaurants and whore houses and little crowded groceries and laboratories and flophouses. Its inhabitants are, as the man once said Whores, pimps, gamblers and sons of bitches, by which he meant Everybody. Had the man looked through another peephole he might have said Saints and angels and martyrs and holy men and he would have meant the same thing. (J. St. )

George washington Essay

George washington Essay George washington Essay The seventeen hundreds was an eventful time in history. With people like John Locke and Voltaire challenging the way the people think and how people should be treated. It sparked revolutions. The American Revolution is a well-known example of this. To be realistic the colonists should not have won they were hopelessly, no hilariously out matched and out gunned. So how did they do it? The colonists won the American Revolution because of the leadership, motive and their allies. The colonies were divided at the start of the revolution. Each state wanted to fight but lacked military knowledge and organization. They needed a leader, someone who could organize the people and had at least some military knowledge. George Washington was that someone but he wasn’t a proper solider he need help so France sent Lafayette. Lafayette was a trained military professional. Together Lafayette and Washington led the revolution. The colonists also were very conflicted at the start of the revolution. Many still saw themselves as British. That is until the British soldiers started attacking homes, taking land the colonists and to top it all of the soldiers could sleep in their beds and eat their food without paying a dime. The colonists were fighting for their families, homes and property. The British were only there doing a job for money they had no real motivation to fight. The biggest reason the colonists won the revolution was that they had powerful allies. France and Spain were

Business Intelligence (Big Data) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Intelligence (Big Data) - Assignment Example There is a huge amount of data available on the Internet. This paper presents an analysis of big data. The basic purpose of this research is to present an overview of big data and how it can be used by the organizations for the betterment of their organizations. Basically, â€Å"the term big data is normally used as a marketing concept refers to data sets whose size is further than the potential of normally used enterprise tools to gather, manage and organize, and process within an acceptable elapsed time.† (Josyula, Orr and Page 89). In fact, the size of these huge data sets is believed to be a continually growing target. Additionally, the size of big data is presently ranging from a few dozen terabytes to a number of petabytes of data in a single data set (Josyula, Orr and Page 89). In view of the fact this era is known as the age of information and communication technology in which everything appears in digital format, and as a result everything comes under the domain of da ta. For instance in the medical sector, an electrocardiogram is now used in digital format which can be collected and stored as a dataset and information (attained after the processing of these data). In the same way, MRIs, CT scans and a variety of medical images are at the present digital, and these unique digital records and files are being stored and processed in the form of datasets. Hence, thousands and thousands of distinct datasets are adding up to the big data (Ackerman). The research has shown that the organizations that use big data for their business can be familiar with their customers and the way they communicate with the business and shop online much better than many of those customers can be familiar with themselves. In fact, these datasets are not only the huge volumes of data but also they provide the organizations with excellent ways to determine and keep records of their transactions as well as other communications with suppliers, retailers, banks, utilities and service providers. In addition, at the present there have emerged a number of algorithms which can be applied on these data sets to determine their customers’ behaviors, shopping patterns, usage of sales coupons and how the business organization performs transactions and certain tasks are recorded and analyzed with the purpose of getting a broad and effective depiction of who your customers are and what products you should take the chance to offer them. In their research article, (Arthur) discusses an example in which Portland Oregon Savory Spice Shop owners Jim Brown and Anne have decided to put into practice social media based marketing and advertising with the intention of getting â€Å"the best of big data's† support and capabilities for launching their new boutique store. In this scenario, by making use of their Facebook ads they have been capable of routing to catch the attention of those potential customers and groups of purchasers who almost certainly wish to p urchase their high-end specialty products. It is an admitted fact that in the past few years the majority of business organizations have started utilizing social networking based sites such as facebook to advertise their products and services for the reason that these social networks provide huge amounts of data. Considering these innovative aspects of social networks, they just had to invest in the ad and then Facebook algorithms and performing analysis by

Organizational behavior ( UAE company ) Research Paper

Organizational behavior ( UAE company ) - Research Paper Example In the first year of operation, Emirates Airline started its flights in Karachi. It started its European operations to London in 1987. After 3 years, the company was able to double its operations thereby allowing it to grow at annual rate of 25%. The revenue of the company today is approximately $11.8 billion annually. It employs approximately 36,000 employees. Moreover, the number of international passengers between 2009 and 2010 was approximately 25.9 million (Reportlinker, 2012). The number of flights that the company is able to reach per week is approximately 2400. The goal of this paper therefore is to discuss the behavior of Emirates airlines by studying its PETS and SWOT analysis. These will help to identify the various problems that are facing the organization today. Moreover, they will help to explain why the events are happening today. It will analyses the challenges by adopting the OB theory of X and Y. It will also discuss the leadership personality traits and the conflic ts within the industry. SWOT analysis Strengths Emirates Airline flies to six continents in the world. In this perspective, it is able to cover approximately 100 cities. In the Asian continent, the company has a market share of approximately 39 percent (Free Swot Analysis, 2012). Moreover, it is a state owned corporation thereby boosting its financial base. Moreover, it lies in between east and west Asia thereby allowing the company to boost its market share significantly. Weaknesses There is open competition in the country which has allowed other competing businesses to venture in the market. Moreover, the company is faced with a dire need to improve its performance in all the regions around the world in order to increase its market share. In addition, the company does not pay its labor sufficiently thereby limiting its productivity. Opportunities Since Emirates Airline has joined the global airline alliance, it should focus on areas such as Disney Land which is attracting internat ional communities to use Emirates Airline as their first choice. This has strengthened the company’s operations globally. Threats Since Emirates Airline is owned by the state, it is heavily affected by the policies that the government implements. Moreover, since different types of labor are required to cope with different types of aircrafts, it becomes difficult for the company to meet the demands of the employees without any conflicts. PEST Analysis Political The political scene in the Asian pacific has been favorable in 2000s. As a result, most of the countries are making agreements which have facilitated trade within the region. These agreements have opened up opportunities for the company (Articlesbase, 2012). Economic The United Arab Emirates economy has been advancing at a consistent pace thereby increasing the overall income of the country. As a result, the revenue per capita has grown significantly thereby allowing the people in the region to make use of air transport . As a result, Emirates Airline has noted a steady growth in the recent years (Articlesbase, 2012). Social Emirates Airline conducts its operations in an area that has a large number of employees. Most of these employees do not demand high compensation. In this case, there is a huge difference in labor costs with countries such as the US. In this case, the company has been able to boost its profits significantly. However, many employees are becoming aware of their

The Alienation of Emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Alienation of Emily - Essay Example Her mother is unable to offer any comfort or correction for life already passed, the wrinkles already set. "I Stand Here Ironing" is the way we live, succumbing to life and stoically accepting that there will never be enough time to build anything but walls. . The mother tells us early on that she has surrendered to the bad hand that she was dealt, and that she has accepted Emily's unknown and uncertain future. Her opening conversation with an unknown figure, possibly her own conscious, pleading to help Emily, shows her lack of will in the matter when she remarks, "Even if I came, what good would it do". The mother has given up on Emily. She gave up on Emily a long time ago, when Emily was young and the father had abandoned her. Just as is often the case in everyone's life, we see the mother making choices, accepting the lesser of the evils, foregoing the opportunity for fun or pleasure. Emily's mother knows that her daughter is the product of her own shortcomings. The old man's words, "You should smile at Emily more when you look at her", continue to haunt her, yet for Emily it was too late. She feels the guilt when she remembers, "It was only with the others I remembered what he said, and it was the face of joy, and not of care or tightness or worry I turned to them -- too late for Emily".

Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy In Diagnosing Diabetes

Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy In Diagnosing Diabetes According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 220 million people worldwide have diabetes. An estimated 1.1 million people died from diabetes in 2005, and almost half of diabetic deaths occurred in people under the age of 70 years of age. WHO projects that the number of diabetic deaths will increase to 366 million by the year 2030 (8). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is a prevalent disorder that causes one to have high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemia can be the result from one or a combination of 1) decrease production of insulin from beta cells of the pancreas; 2) increase sugar production from the liver; 3) decrease sugar uptake by cells secondary to insulin receptors. Symptoms of DMII are excess urination, excess thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, sweating, and fatigue. Patients presenting with these symptoms should be screened by a finger stick, where a blood sample is taken from a quick prick of the finger, to be tested for hyperglycemia. Normal blood sugar should range from 70-100mg. If one has a fasting sugar of >126mg or an after eating sugar level > 200mg, then an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) should be performed. During an OGTT, a patient consumes a 150-200g carbohydrate diet for three days and fasts from midnight prior to test date. The morning of test, the patient consumes 75g sugar mixe d with 300ml of water within a 5 minute period. The patients blood sugar level is be measured at baseline, and then again at 120 minutes. A diagnosis of DMII is made if the baseline level is >126 mg and the 120 minute level is >200mg. These guidelines are set by the American Diabetic Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (1,8). Another option for obtaining a blood sugar level is measuring the percent of glycosylated red blood cells, or the percent of sugar attached to a RBC. RBCs live for approximately 90 days in the human body. By measuring this percentile one can observe the patients blood sugar level over the previous 3 months and not just at the moment an OGTT is performed. Today, HbA1c is a main tool for following metabolic control in persons with diabetes(5). A HbA1c > 6.0 percent should permit a diagnosis of DMII, but is not at this time a definite diagnostic tool. Diabetes can cause complications of multiple organ systems. WHO defines consequences of diabetes as follows: Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke). Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and eventual limb amputation. Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. After 15 years of diabetes, approximately 2% of people become blind, and about 10% develop severe visual impairment. Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure. 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure. Diabetic neuropathy is damage to the nerves as a result of diabetes, and affects up to 50% of people with diabetes. Although many different problems can occur as a result of diabetic neuropathy, common symptoms are tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in the feet and hands. The overall risk of dying among people with diabetes is at least double the risk of their peers without diabetes (8). Previous studies have showed that better control of plasma glucose levels reduced the risk of developing long-term complications pertaining to diabetes (4). A higher HbA1c correlates well with the likelihood of developing chronic complications such as the ones listed above. This study is designed to explore if a HbA1c be used to diagnose diabetes. Observations suggest that a reliable measure of chronic glycemic levels such as HbA1c, which captures the degree of glucose exposure over time and which is related more intimately to the risk of complications than single or episodic measures of glucose levels, may serve as a better biochemical marker of diabetes and should be considered a diagnostic tool (2). As for the current gold standard for diagnosing diabetes, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has its limitations (2). These include high interindividual variability, low reproducibility compared to FPG, poor compliance with the conditions needed to perform the test correctly, and is cumbersome and time-consuming for medical staff and patients (4). Due to these factors one may ask, Is a HbA1c or an OGTT more accurate at diagnosing new onset diabetes mellitus type 2 in a patient presenting with hyperglycemia? By exploring this question and answering it from an evidence-based approach, the answer may help clinicians advance to an easier and less time consuming way to diagnose diabetes mellitus type II. CLINICAL CASE A 57 year old African American male presented to the outpatient office with symptoms of dizziness, blurred vision, polydipsia, and polyuria. He has a significant history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The patient was unclear when his symptoms started. Upon evaluation in the office, the patient was noted to have a marked glucose elevation of 420. An in-house HbA1c was also noted at 13.0. Upon further questioning, the patient has not been taking any medications for diabetes, and is currently taking Lisinopril and Zocor for his other medical conditions. Due to the presenting symptoms and lab results, the patient was admitted to the hospital for hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemic state. METHODS A PubMed search was performed by using the Clinical queries and Diagnosis filters. The terms A1c AND diagnosis AND diabetes and glycosylated hemoglobin AND diagnosis AND diabetes were used to search the site for relating articles. With these search terms, a total of 176 hits revealed articles pertaining to the requested information. Articles that met all inclusion criteria for the research were evaluated and assigned a type/level of evidence. In order to be included in this evidence-based study, articles had to meet the following inclusion criteria: Articles must be cohort studies. Studies must not be > 6 years old. Articles must have participants with impaired glucose levels or symptoms of impaired glucose. Studies must include evidence of OGTT or FPG and HbA1c. Studies must have a significant number of participants to produce a significant result (n > 375). Any articles that did not specifically relate to diagnosing DMII with a HbA1c were excluded. Articles that were not cohort studies, were older than six years, did not have participants with impaired glucose, or did not have a significant amount of participants were excluded. Certain articles that appeared in the PubMed search were strictly review articles. These papers were reviewed, and if applicable, may be used to provided supporting factors about pathophysiology/ epidemiology of diabetes type II and its diagnostic criteria. Articles that met all inclusion criteria were evaluated and assigned a level of evidence using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence worksheet. RESULTS Study #1: Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: in Primary Care, Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Do the Job Study Design: This study was performed at the Raval Sud Primary Care Center in Barcelona, Spain and was begun in 1992. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of glycosylated hemoglobin values as a method to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population at risk seen in primary care. Four hundred fifty four subjects were selected to participate in the study. The population served by the Raval Sud Center is characterized by it low evonomic level, high rate of immigration, and high rate of morbidity and mortality for certain diseases and disorders. Inclusion criteria for eligible participants had at least on e of the risk factors for developing DMII described in the ADA guidelines. These included family history of DMII, personal history of carbohydrate intolerance or gestational diabletes, prolonged use of a drug able to raise glucose levels, obesity with a body mass index > 30, hypertension, HDL-cholesterol levels 250 mg/dL. Persons who did not wish to take part in the study were excluded. For the purpose of this particular study, data was recorded from the time the patient was included in the Raval Sud Care Center. The study then used a cross-sectional analytical design to validate a diagnostic test. (4) Study Conduct: Subjects were interviewed and variables were recorded for each participant. These included sociodemographic characteristics such as age and sex, clinical characteristics such as BMI and blood pressure, and laboratory values including fasting plasma glucose in a venous blood sample, oral glucose tolerance test after a 75g glucose overload, and a HbA1c measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. To standardize the results for the HbA1c, the absolute values were recalculated in terms of the number of standard deviations above the mean. FPG and OGTT values were based on the WHO criteria as having normal, impaired, or DMII glucose levels. (4) Study Results: The distribution of demographic characteristics and laboratory findings are shown in Table 1. The study found that plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in normal subjects than in subjects with abnormal glucose levels (IFG or OGTT) and even lower in subjects with abnormal glucose levels than in patients with diabetes (P 5.94% (mean, +3SD), the diagnosis of DMII is reliable and accurate in 93% of the cases. Table 4 shows the diagnostic validity of a combined strategy of FPG and HbA1c values: patients were considered to have DMII when FPG > 125 mg/dL, or when FPG >110 mg/dL and HbA1c was greater than the cutoff value. Maximal efficacy (93% GV) was found for HbA1c > 5.94% (x +3SD), with a sensitivity of 92.2% and a specificity of 95.1%. (4) Study Critique: It has been confirmed that the relationship between circulating glucose values and the onset of chronic complications exists. Thus, it is logical for the diagnosis of DMII to be based on glucose values. One of the main problems in this particular study was to define and establish a cutoff point for this continuous quantitative variable. This study analyzed different cutoff points for the whole sample of patients at risk for DMII. When HbA1c values > 5.51% (x +2SD), were used for the cutoff point for diagnosis of DMII, the sensitivity (76%) and specificity (85%) were acceptable. However, when a higher cutoff point was used, specificity increased, but only at the expense of reduced sensitivity. Due to this situation, the study designed a strategy for diagnosis based on the FPG values and the validity of HbA1c. (4) Level of Evidence: 1c Study #2: Comparison of A1c and Fasting Glucose Criteria to Diagnose Diabetes Among U.S. Adults Study Design: This study included participants from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants included 6,890 adults (>20 years of age), without a self-reported history of diabetes. The subjects attended a morning examination, fasted for > 9 hours at the time of their blood collection, and had valid plasma glucose and HbA1c values taken. Participants were categorized into one of the four groups by presence or absence of fasting plasma glucose > 126 mg/dL and HbA1c > 6.5%. The distribution of the population into these groupings was determined and the K statistic value was calculated. Also, the distribution of U.S. adults by fasting glucose and different HbA1c cutoff points (6.0-6.7%) were calculated. The objective for this study was to compare A1c and fasting glucose for the diagnosis of diabetes among U.S. adults. (6) Study Conduct: Data was collected through questionnaires (demographics, medical history), a physical examination (blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference), and blood collection (lipids, plasma glucose, HbA1c). The plasma glucose was measured by using a modified hexokinase enzymatic method and the HbA1c using a high-performance liquid chromatography. (6) Study Results: This study concludes that an HbA1c of > 6.5%, along with a FPG >125 mg/dL demonstrates reasonable agreement for diagnosing diabetes. 1.8% of the participants were classified as having diabetes with a HbA1c > 6.5% and a fasting glucose >126 mg/dL. Among participants with a HbA1c 125 mg/dL, 45% had an A1c value > 6.0% but less than 6.5%. According to A1c guidelines, this value poses an elevated risk for diabetes. Table A1 shows a distribution of adults by fasting glucose and different HbA1c cutoff points. From this table, the lower the HbA1c cutoff points results in higher sensitivity and lower specificity. (6) Study Critique: In this study, certain participants had discordant results such as a HbA1c > 6.5% and a fasting glucose of Study #3: A1c and Diabetes Diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study Study Design: The Rancho Bernardo Study included 2, 107 participants without known DMII, who had an OGTT and a HbA1c between 1984 and 1987. This cross-sectional study of community dwelling adults was provided written informed consent and laboratory data was performed. (3) Study Conduct: HbA1c was measured with high performance liquid chromatography using an automated analyzer. Ophthalmologic evaluation was also performed on the subjects. This was done by using nonmydriatic retinal photography. Sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c cutoff points for DMII were calculated, along with K coefficients which were used to test for agreement between A1c values and diabetes status. The objective for this study was to examine the sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c as a diagnostic test for DMII in older adults. (3) Study Results: For this study the HbA1c cutoff value was 6.5%. This value had a sensitivity of 44% and a specificity of 79%. A lower A1c cutoff point of 6.15% yielded the highest sensitivity at 63% but a lower specificity at 60%. If one were to use this cutoff value, it would miss one-third of those with DMII by the American Diabetes Association guidelines. It would also misclassify one-third of those without DMII. Using the HbA1c value of 6.5% as the cutoff point, the agreement with DMII diagnosis was low (K coefficient was 0.119). In order to compare A1c and ADA criteria with DMII complications, the study looked at participants with some degree of retinopathy. Of the participants who had retinopathy, 40% had and A1c > 6.5% and none had DMII by ADA criteria. This study concluded that the limited sensitivity of the A1c value cutoff may result in missed or delayed diagnosis of DMII, whereas the use of current OGTT criteria will fail to identify a high proportion of individuals with hi gh A1c values, which correlate with long term complications of DMII. (3) Study Critique: This study was performed on a much older population than the other studies examined in this paper. It has its benefits and disadvantages for surveying a population in which there mean age was 69.4. The advantage is that the U.S. elderly population has the greatest current burden and is expected to have the greatest increase in the prevalence of DMII. On the other hand, the disadvantage to having such an older subject population is that it limited the HbA1c cutoff values to that particular population. In a previous critique of an article one of the concerns was the fact that there are different aspects of glucose metabolism. It would have been supportive if the article addressed the age of their participants and compared them with the study results. (3) Level of Evidence: 1c Study #4: Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early detection of diabetes in high-risk subjects Study Design: This study was performed by collecting data from the Bundang CHA General Hospital database. A total of 392 subjects who had an abnormal random plasma glucose, a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, a macrosomic baby, or a severe obesity were selected to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included a previous history of diabetes of other endocrinopathies, pregnancy, abnormal liver or renal function tests, a history of major surgery, severe illness, blood transfusion within the previous 6 months, and weight loss > 3kg during the past three months. After an overnight fasting, blood samples were drawn from all participating subjects to include FPG and HbA1c values. (7) Study Conduct: Glucose concentrations were measured using the glucose oxidase method on a autoanalyzer. The HbA1c values were measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. All statistical analysis was performed and the best predictive cutoff values for FPG and A1c for detecting patients with new diabetes were identified using the optimal sensitivity/specificity values determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve. (7) Study Results: Figure 1 shows the ROC plot representing the sensitivity and specificity for the HbA1c and the FPG in detecting undiagnosed DMII. From this study, the optimal cutoff value for HbA1c was 6.1% and for FPG was 6.1 mmol/l. The sensitivity/specificity for the HbA1c cutoff value was 81.8% and 84.9% respectively. Table 1 shows the results from the combination of using FPG and HbA1c. This study demonstrated that HbA1c was very useful to screen for diabetes in high-risk patients and the combined use of HbA1c and FPG made up for the lack of sensitivity in FPG alone. (7) Study Critique: This studys subjects were only Korean, therefore making the population very ethnically limited. It would have been beneficial to have seen the population more diverse and to notice the change in results. Also, the study stated that an OGTT was performed, yet a confirmation status of repeat testing was not recorded. This would have been beneficial to have in order to compare results to the FPG and HbA1c values obtained for cutoff for diagnosing DMII. (7) Level of Evidence: 1c DISCUSSION The purpose if this study was to assess if a HbA1c was sufficient enough to make a unknown diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2. From these studies one can gather that a HbA1c is adequate for making a new diagnosis for DMII. The following chart compares the specificity and sensitivity of each HbA1c from each study critiqued in this study. Also, each study uses a different HbA1c cutoff that they gathered from their cohort or cross-sectional study which is also included in the chart below. Study Sensitivity Specificity HbA1c used for Diagnosis Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: in Primary Care, Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Do the Job 63.3% 93.4% 5.94% Comparison of A1c and Fasting Glucose Criteria to Diagnose Diabetes Among U.S. Adults 72.5% 96.5% > 6.0% A1c and Diabetes Diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study 44% 79% 6.5% Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early detection of diabetes in high-risk subjects 81.8% 84.9% 6.1% Study #1 discussed the option of performing a combination of HbA1c and a FPG test. This exhibited to be most the most poignant result with a specificity/sensitivity of 92.2 and 95.1, respectively. In study #2, it also agreed that a HbA1c and a FPG level provided the most assured diagnosis for DMII. However, this study had the most discordant results and was probably due to the fact of its subject population. It stated that the results may have been due to the fact that assessment of different aspects of glucose metabolism was present (6). Study #3 was performed on a much older population, and focused on the importance of following HbA1c levels to help prevent long term complications of DMII. However, it also stated that a HbA1c would also have a higher sensitivity and specificity if it were performed along with a FPG test. Finally, study #4 agreed on the fact that a HbA1c was very sufficient for screening for DMII, and that it provided much support for diagnosing DMII along with a FP G. CONCLUSION This study provided that a HbA1c of approximately 6.0% is a great support to help making the diagnosis of DMII along with a FPG > 125. Some studies have suggested that a HbA1c of this value is suggestive of a diagnosis, however, the studies above advocate that FPG levels should also be obtained to solidify the actually diagnosis of DMII. However, in a recent publication from the JAAP, it states thatan A1c value of 6.5% higher as diagnostic. This value appears to be the level at which a person is at risk for developing the complications of diabetes. A diagnosis should be confirmed with a repeat A1c test, unless clinical symptoms and a glucose level higher than 200 mg/dL are present (5). From this statement one can confer that the patient described above in the clinical case portion of this paper, does indeed warrant the diagnosis of DMII on the basis of a HbA1c of 13.0%, the presence of clinical symptoms, and the glucose elevation of 420 mg/dL.

The New Age Employee Essays -- American Red Cross Workers Essays

The New Age Employee The Human Resource issue that I will be discussing in my paper stems from the American Red Cross. The first, thing I will discuss is the organization’s external environment and then the HR department’s internal system. In the external environment of the American Red Cross, there are several issues affecting the organization. For example, the U.S population is becoming more diverse according to demographics. Also, the number of donors and volunteer’s is steadily decreasing, and the baby boomers are approaching the age of retirement. As a result, they will take with them, a large amount of the American Red Cross volunteer hours. Consequently, the American Red Cross is looking for volunteer’s to fill their offices nationwide. Internally there are also a lot of issues occurring within the organization’s human resource department. For instance, the new and younger employees coming into the organization, and they are expecting new ways of being recognized for their good work. As a result, the HR department is inventing new ways to accommodate these employees. Which requires the organization to actively go out and recruit employees. This is something that the organization has not encountered before. In my opinion, the American Red Cross should adapt to the changes in their external environment. Such as: the changes in the demographics of the employees within the organization and how those new employees affect the human resources department’s functions. Because, there are no longer just white men at the top of the organization; there are minorities and women that are in the corporate culture. As a result, it is the duty of an organization to adapt and change to its av... ...ix A. Nigro. (1994) 4th Edition.The New Public Personnel Administration. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc. 2.) Dennis L. Dresang. (1999) 3rd Edition. Public Personnel Management and Public Policy. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 3.) Library of Congress. (2000). Managing Human Resources: A Partnership Perspective. Author, Susan E. Jackson, Randall S. Schuler. South-Western College Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. 4.) Library of Congress. (2000). Managing Human Resources: A Partnership Perspective. Author, Susan E. Jackson, Randall S. Schuler. South-Western College Publishing, a division of Thomson Learning. 5.) Llyod G. Nigro, Felix A. Nigro. (1994) 4th Edition.The New Public Personnel Administration. F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc. 6.)Dennis L. Dresang. (1999) 3rd Edition. Public Personnel Management and Public Policy. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.